Bond Parameters Research Articles

Modeling the fracture process of wheat straw using a discrete element approach

The cracking and breaking of wheat straw under the action of external force are rarely studied, they affect the precision of its simulation using the discrete element method. The process of straw change due to cracking and breaking consists of two stages: ring collapsing and breaking. In order to restore the real process of straw change, this study develops a discrete element model based on the Hertz-Mindlin bonding V2 contact model. The bond parameters were calibrated using the test of compression, shear, and three-point bending. An orthogonal experiment was conducted to determine the optimal parameter combination. The obtained results showed that the proposed straw model accurately simulated the cracking, breaking, and flow characteristic. The relative errors of compression strength, shear strength, and deflection were 9.48, 8.74, and 11.51%, respectively. The relative error of the angle of repose (AOR) was only 1.67%, which indicates that the mechanical properties and flow characteristic of the model are consistent with those of real straw. This study holds significant importance in accurately replicating the authentic straw treatment process in the field.

TDDFT Study on the ESIPT Properties of 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)-Benzothiazole and Sensing Mechanism of a Derived Fluorescent Probe for Fluoride Ion.

The level of fluoride ions (F-) in the human body is closely related to various pathological and physiological states, and the rapid detection of F- is important for studying physiological processes and the early diagnosis of diseases. In this study, the detailed sensing mechanism of a novel high-efficiency probe (PBT) based on 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-benzothiazole derivatives towards F- has been fully investigated based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods. F- attacks the O-P bond of PBT to cleavage the dimethylphosphinothionyl group, and the potential products were evaluated by Gibbs free energy and spectroscopic analyses, which ultimately identified the product as HBT-Enol1 with an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Bond parameters, infrared vibrational spectroscopy and charge analysis indicate that the hydrogen bond is enhanced at the excited state (S1), favoring excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). The mild energy barrier further evidences the occurrence of ESIPT. Combined with frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis, the fluorescence quenching of PBT was attributed to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism and the fluorescence turn-on mechanism of the product was attributed to the ESIPT process of HBT-Enol1.

Study on the bond performance of steel bars in early-age concrete considering the effect of circumferentially lateral pressures

The interface performance between steel bars and concrete is the fundamental necessary parameter in the bearing capacity evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, especially for those during construction in some developing areas where the plain bars were still adopted as the reinforcing materials. The age-correlation of the chemical adhesive force and frictional resistance at the plain bars-concrete interface needs to be investigated in detail but has not yet been deeply understood. Therefore, a systematic study including both the experimental and theoretical investigations on the bond behavior of plain steel bars in early-age concrete with lateral pressures was performed on the pullout specimens, with consideration of the influencing parameters including the bar diameters, the concrete strengths, and the ages. On the base of the experimental results, the calculation models for predicting the bond parameters of plain bars in early-age concrete under lateral pressures were derived and verified with the test results, and then a suited local bond-slip model was presented. Finally, a comparison of enhanced early-age bond strength caused by lateral pressure obtained from the experimental and the theoretical approaches was provided with reasonable agreement.

Theoretical study on the ESIPT and photophysical properties for molecules with different extension π conjugation

In a recent study, Jincheng Si and coworkers designed four candidate linker units with different extension π conjugation sizes and directions. These molecules were used for the synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF) structures known as Olympic rings, which can detect the Cr2O72- in the aqueous phase. However, the experimental work did not provide a qualitative understanding of the excited-state dynamic mechanism. Therefore, this research focused on investigating the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process and the photophysical properties of these molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods were employed to conduct an in-depth analysis. The molecule structure properties were investigated by analyzing the hydrogen bond parameters and the infrared (IR) vibrational spectra. The calculated absorption and emission spectra were in good agreement with the experimental values, it was proved that the correctness of the optimized structure and the rationality of our calculation method, and we can judge their detection sensitivity by the sizes of the Stokes shift. The Hirshfeld method was used to study the enhancement mechanism of hydrogen bond interaction. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism and ESIPT reactivity of molecules with different extension π conjugation sizes and directions were explained by calculating and plotting the relaxed potential energy curve, electrostatic potentials (ESPs) and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). Our research found that extension π conjugation in different sizes and directions can either promote or inhibit the occurrence of the ESIPT reactions and the characteristic of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), thereby altering the fluorescence performance. Based on our findings, we concluded that the ESIPT activity and photophysical properties of the H4BIHQC were higher than the other three molecules. This discovery enhances the potential application value of MOF as a fluorescence detection tool.

Design and Synthesis of Pyridine Bis-Hydrazone Metal Complexes of Co(II), Cu(II), and Hg(II): Spectral, Gaussian, Electrochemical, Biological, Drug-Likeness and Molecular Docking Investigations

A bis-hydrazone ligand (H2DS) was synthesized via condensation of pyridine-2,6-dicarbohydrazide with salicylaldehyde and utilized to prepare a new series of Cu(II), Co(II), and Hg(II) metal chelates. All the prepared chelates were investigated using various assistive spectroscopic and microscopic tools including (1H, 13C -NMR, IR, UV–visible, ESR, XRD, EDX, SEM, and MS), elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, and thermal (TG/DTA) analysis. Furthermore, all of the previous structural investigations weresupported with theoretical studies based on DFT theory where the molecular modeling of the geometrically optimized structures was constructed through Gaussian 09 software. Various energy components such as (EBinding, EHOMO, and ELUMO) besides MEP (Molecular electrostatic potential), bond parameters (bond angle and bond length), dipole moment, and molecular chemical parameters were derived from the computational calculations. Moreover, the redox behavior of Cu(II) with/without the ligand (H2DS) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. This technique is utilized to study the effect of the chelating agent on the attitude of the copper species in the solution universe. The impact of interaction is proved by changing in the potential of reduction/oxidation peaks alongside evaluating of both kinetic and thermodynamic stability. The produced hydrazone and its chelates were screened for antimicrobial activities (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans), antioxidant activities (DPPH and TAC), and cell viability MTT assay. Finally, the degree ofefficiency of the binding that occurs between the different protein receptors and the ligandwas estimated by molecular docking where the results showed a strong relationship with the biological investigations.

Investigation of the correlation between structure and microwave dielectric properties of ZnV2O6 ceramic using P-V-L bond theory

Novel ZnV2O6 ceramic was synthesized using the solid-state process. A single monoclinic crystalline phase with a space group C2/m was detected at the sintering temperatures ranging from 580 to 670 °C. The correlations between the chemical bond parameters and microwave dielectric properties were analyzed using the P-V-L bond theory. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the most intense Raman peak at 914 cm–1 is inversely proportional to the Q×f value. The ZnV2O6 ceramic can be well-sintered at 640 °C to exhibit an excellent combination of microwave dielectric properties (εr =14.6, Q×f =46,000 GHz and τf =–42 ppm/°C). Additionally, the specimen sintered at 580 °C (εr =13.2, Q×f =28,000 GHz and τf =–5.2 ppm/°C) is also suggested for highly thermal-stable applications. Both samples can be used as ultra-low-temperature co-fired ceramics (ULTCCs) for high-frequency applications.

Promoted catalytic oxidation of benzene over Mn-Ni solid solutions: Effect of metal oxygen bond parameters

In this work, Mn-Ni solid solutions were obtained by doping Ni into MnOx via solution combustion synthesis and the resulting catalysts were then applied to benzene oxidation. Various characterizations revealed that Ni doping changed the metal oxygen bond parameters, such as coordination numbers (CNs) and bond length. Both Mn-O and Ni-O bonds in Mn-Ni solid solutions exerted reduced CNs, while the bond length of Mn-O bonds was extended, making the oxygen species more chemically reactive., which further improved physicochemical properties (such as reducibility, oxygen mobility, surface active oxygen species etc.) and catalytic performance. Remarkably, the solid solutions with a Mn/Ni molar ratio of 4:1 (named Mn4Ni1) showed Mn-O and Ni-O bonds with lower CNs and longer bond lengths, which enhanced the activity and mobility of oxygen species, reducibility and chemisorption capacity of benzene. Therefore, Mn4Ni1 demonstrated optimal benzene oxidation activity and showed the lowest T90 (192 °C). The potential reaction mechanism was proposed according to the analysis results of C6H6-TPSR and in-situ FTIR. Furthermore, promoted oxidation of benzene and phenolate species on Mn4Ni1 could inhibit accumulation of intermediates and avoid catalyst poisoning and deactivation. This strategy shed light to the design of catalysts in environmental catalysis and thermal catalysis.

Bioinspired Herbicides-Ionic Liquids or Liquid Cocrystals?

This research provides information about combinations of several amino acids, including l-proline (Pro), l-arginine (Arg), and l-histidine (His), with phenoxyacetic acid herbicides (MCPA and 2,4-D). Five amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs), one amino acid higher-melting salt (AAHMS), and two amino acid liquid cocrystals (AALCs) were obtained in high yields (>90%). The ionization of the six new structures was confirmed by NMR, IR, and molecular modeling. X-ray crystallography was used to definitively confirm the binding location of the mobile hydrogen. Furthermore, we propose a computational method for estimating the energy of specific hydrogen bond(s) in AAIL crystals based on the NBO and QTAIM hydrogen bond parameters obtained by model calculations. An in-depth analysis of the structures allowed to answer the question posed in the title, ionic liquids or liquid cocrystals? AAILs based on arginine and histidine were obtained. In contrast, combining proline with MCPA and 2,4-D led to AALCs. Finally, the compounds were analyzed to measure their herbicidal activity. These studies proved that the novel form of MCPA or 2,4-D improved its ability to control weeds compared to commercial formulations containing the same active ingredients.

Effect of external electric fields on the ESDPT process and photophysical properties of 1,8-dihydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde.

In this work, by capitalizing on the density functional theory (DFT) and the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods, it has been systematically studied that the excited state double intramolecular proton transfer (ESDPT) process and the photophysical properties of 1,8-dihydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde (DHNA) are affected by the distinct external electric fields (EEFs). The obtained intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) parameters containing bond lengths and angles, as well as infrared (IR) vibrational spectra demonstrate that IHB strength changes in the distinct EEFs. Moreover, not only do the potential energy surfaces (PESs) indicate that the ESDPT process of DHNA is stepwise, but also increasing the positive EEF results in a decrease in the energy barrier accordingly, while vice versa. The absorption and fluorescence spectra also undergo a corresponding red or blue shift in the EEF; for instance, when the EEF changes from +10 × 10-4 a.u. to +20 × 10-4 a.u., the fluorescence peak undergoes a blue shift from 602 nm to 513 nm in the keto2 form. In a nutshell, the ESDPT process of DHNA can be influenced by the EEF, which will serve as a reference in regulating and controlling proton transfer that causes luminescence.

Dynamic bond stress-slip relationship of steel reinforcing bars in concrete based on XGBoost algorithm

The bond stress-slip relationship between a deformed steel bar and concrete under various loading rates is required to appropriately simulate the ultimate conditions of concrete structures under dynamic loading. Furthermore, the corresponding key bond parameters are crucial to ensure the accuracy of the bond-slip model. This study analyzed the effect of concrete strength, geometric profile of steel bar, concrete cover, and stress state around the bond region on the dynamic bond parameters and bond-slip curves. For this purpose, a database containing 1056 pullout specimens was established, which was used to train three ensemble learning models, including Extreme Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (XGBoost), Gradient Boosting Regression Tree, and Random Forest, thereby predicting the bond parameters. The ensemble learning models exhibited higher accuracy than existing empirical models, with the XGBoost algorithm attaining the highest accuracy. Furthermore, the predicted bond parameters were found to express the bond response of the steel bar under different loading rates and lateral confinements with good accuracy. The model proposed in this study provides a new approach for determining the bond parameters and improves the accuracy of bond stress-slip model.

Reversible ratiometric fluorescence probe for the detection of HClO/H2S based on excited state intramolecular proton transfer mechanism

The redox balance between HClO and H2S is essential for the physiological and pathological properties of organisms. Therefore, monitoring the redox process between HClO and H2S is of great significance. Shen et al. synthesised a reversible ratiometric fluorescence probe BT-Se based on excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction for the detection of HClO and H2S in previous experiments. When BT-Se detects HClO, it will be oxidised to a new substance which is named BT-SeO, and BT-SeO can be reduced to BT-Se by detecting H2S. BT-Se and BT-SeO emit different colours of fluorescence to realise detection. In this paper, the attribution of the fluorescence peak and the luminescence mechanism are studied. The bond parameters, infrared (IR) vibrational frequency, interaction region indicator (IRI) and the potential energy curve are analysed to demonstrate that the excited state is easier to conduct the ESIPT process. The combination of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and hole–electron analysis reveals the charge excitation characteristics. This work suggests that the yellow and blue fluorescence observed in the experiment is emitted by the keto structures of BT-Se and BT-SeO, respectively. Our research will provide an important theoretical basis for the detection of photophysical phenomena in reversible ratiometric fluorescent probes.

Ionic doping engineered Ce2(Zr1−xBx)3(MoO4)9 (B[dbnd]Cd1/3Nb2/3, Cd1/3Ta2/3) ceramics: Structural, chemical bond, and microwave/terahertz dielectric performance

A series of Ce2(Zr1−xBx)3(MoO4)9 ceramics, where BCd1/3Nb2/3, Cd1/3Ta2/3 (abbreviated as CZ1−xNx, CZ1−xTx), were synthesized using the classical solid-state reaction method. This study focused on the intrinsic mechanisms affected by doping in terms of chemical bond parameters, polarizability, lattice parameters, and bond valence. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that Cd/Nb and Cd/Ta were solidly dissolved into the matrix lattice, which crystallized in a pure trigonal structure (Space group of R-3c, No. 167). According to the Phillips-van Vechten-Levine (P–V-L) theory, the chemical bond features have been parameterized for exploring the relationships between crystal structure and property. Interestingly, the findings indicated that the dielectric parameters varied closely with the chemical bond features of Zr1–O4. Far-infrared reflectivity (FIR) spectrum and terahertz time-domain (THz-TD) were used to obtain information on lattice vibration. The results showed that the complex permittivity extrapolated from THz-TD was closer to the measured value (at microwave) than the former. The relaxation polarization mechanism may be a key intrinsic factor affecting dielectric loss. Additionally, the bond valence results showed a linear relationship between Zr1–O4 and τf. CZ1−xNx and CZ1−xTx exhibited Qf values that were 2.86 and 5.46 times greater than the matrix, respectively, with low permittivity (εr, roughly 10) suitable for high-frequency communication materials. Notably, CZ0.94T0.06 ceramic achieved excellent performance with Qf = 103,974 GHz, εr = 10.63, and τf = −17.68 ppm/°C at 725 °C.

Theoretical Study on Fluorinated Derivatives of Sulfolane, Cyclopentanone, and Gamma-Butyrolactone

In this paper, fluorinated compounds based on sulfolane, cyclopentanone, and gamma-butyrolactone are studied computationally, focusing on their applicability in electrochemical devices and acid–base-related studies. Candidates for solvents with (1) high polarity, (2) good electrochemical stability, and (3) low basicity were searched for. Some of the compounds are studied here for the first time. Electrochemical stabilities, dielectric constants, boiling points, basicities, and lipophilicities were estimated using DFT and COSMO-RS methods with empirical corrections. The effect of fluorination on these properties as well as the bond parameters was studied. The possible synthesis routes of the proposed compounds are outlined. Some molecules display a combination of estimated properties favorable for a solvent, although none of the studied compounds are expected to surpass acetonitrile and propylene carbonate by the width of the electrochemical stability window.

Shape identification of scatterers via peridynamics-based parameterization

A shape identification, which is an inverse problem finding the configuration of scatterers using discrepancy or an error functional between real wave data with scatterers and estimated wave data, is investigated employing peridynamic theory and gradient-based optimization in plane elastic medium. The particle-based and non-local characteristics of the peridynamic theory enable the direct modeling of interface between scatterers and medium, avoiding remeshing difficulty when employing domain-based methods. The boundary of scatterers is parameterized using B-spline surfaces and determined by bond parameters in peridynamics material. The required design sensitivity of the error functional is obtained by an efficient adjoint variable method. The peridynamic adjoint sensitivity involving history-dependent variables in transient peridynamics is accurately obtained by using an identical path in both adjoint and response analyses. Numerical examples of various geometry are demonstrated to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.

Synthesis, GCMS, spectroscopic, electronic properties, chemical reactivity, RDG, topology and biological assessment of 1-(3,6,6-trimethyl-1,6,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl)ethanone

The inclusion of the majority of heterocycle fragments in the pharmaceutical arena currently on drug discovery, combined with their inherent adaptability and distinctive physicochemical features, has established them as true pillars of therapeutic/medicinal chemistry. Besides from the medications, numerous others are being researched for their potential anti-carcinogenic behavior. In this current study, a newly synthesized TTCPE molecular structure from carbinol extract of Aeglemarmelos leaves has been confirmed by GC–MS results, and structural characteristics are reported. The quantum chemical simulated calculations were employed using a versatile basis set -B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) approach. The optimized structure with the minimum energy confirmation was carried out using Potential scan energy (PES) analysis and the optimized with atom numbering scheme of TTCPE discovered strength of the bond parameters and compared with XRD data. Experimental and theoretical spectral characterizations were accomplished and the vibrational wavenumbers provide an affordable correlation with the experimental value. The UV–vis electronic spectra associated with the gas phase and various solvent-liquid phases were obtained by TD-SCF methods. The high stabilization energy E(2) value is 128.06 kcal/mol executed by the NBO method along with the lone pair of interaction types in the header composite. The MEP map, HOMO-LUMO- intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) was completed by gas and different solvents and their corresponding energy parameters were evaluated. Fukui function describes reactive sites on TTCPE that were investigated. The topological analysis of LOL, ELF, and RDG was performed. The five principles of Lipinski are used to perform drug-likeness qualities. Furthermore, a molecular docking technique was used to compare ligand to several protein inhibitor targets (1H8X, 6R7T, and 6DX5) and the corresponding parameters were calculated. As a result, the header composite identifies an alternative anticancer treatment agent.

Electronegativity effect on the ESIPT process of 4′‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐3‐hydroxyflavone (DMA3HF) and its derivatives

Abstract4′‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐3‐hydroxyflavone (DMA3HF) has antioxidant activity and excited state proton transfer (ESIPT) property. In this study, the influence of electronegativity on the ESIPT process has been studied by DFT/TD‐DFT methods. Except DMA3HF, the substitutes of S and Se have been designed. The analysis of main bond parameters, infrared vibration spectra, and reduced density gradient function shows that the reduction of atomic electronegativity could promote the ESIPT process. Dihedral angle, frontier molecular orbitals and hole‐electron analysis indicate that the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) process has been enhanced by the decreasing electronegativity. The results show that the decrease of atomic electronegativity is beneficial to TICT and ESIPT processess.

Pullout behavior of recycled macro fibers in the cementitious matrix: Analytical model and experimental validation

A novel mechanical recycling method has been recently developed in the authors’ group for processing waste glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites into macro fibers, which are then incorporated into concrete to produce green fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). The present study has been conducted for facilitating the characterization of the tensile properties of macro fiber reinforced concrete (MFRC). A trilinear bond-slip model based on the shear-lag theory has first been refined by introducing a slip coefficient to consider different slip behaviors at the final pullout stages. Such a refined trilinear bond-slip model is suitable for describing the bond-slip behavior of the recycled macro fibers embedded in the cementitious matrix. The bond parameters are obtained through an inverse analysis, in which an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is used. The predicted force-end slip curves are compared with the pullout test results, and a good agreement is observed counterparts with the integral absolute error (IAE) ranging from 3.05% to 5.52%, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed analytical model. A parametric study is finally conducted to examine the sensitivity of different parameters including the fiber geometries and bond properties on the pullout behavior of the macro fibers.

Exploring the excited state multi-proton transfer path and the associated photophysical properties of P-TNS molecule by DFT and TDDFT theory

Recently, Chen et al. designed and synthesized a new multi-purpose dye probe P-TNS with bifunctional groups, which has an ultra-fast excited state intramolecular proton transfer characteristic (ESIPT) (Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc., 2021, 262: 120084.). The P-TNS molecules are very sensitive to hydrazine (N2H4) and cyanide (CN-), which makes it have a good practical application prospect in the field of probe detection. However, the corresponding optical properties and the related mechanisms have not been systematically investigated in experiments. In the present work, the proton transfer pathways as well as the photophysical properties changes in the transfer path of P-TNS with three intramolecular hydrogen bonds (HB1, HB2 and HB3) are revealed for the first time. First, the analysis of potential energy surface and potential energy curve determined the stable conformation of P-TNS molecule and its isomer structure, and clarified the reaction mechanism of ESIPT process. Subsequently, the analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals reveal that the charge difference is the driving force required for the proton transfer process from the microscopic level, which led to the determination that the HB1 structure without the charge difference could not complete the ESIPT process. Finally, the variation of hydrogen bond strength and the path of proton transfer are demonstrated from several perspectives of hydrogen bond parameters, hydrogen bond energy, infrared vibrational frequency (IR) and reduced density gradient (RDG) surface. This study essentially explains the photophysical properties and proton transfer pathways of a new multipurpose dye probes for organic luminescence with bifunctional groups, which are important for the fields of spectroscopy and measurement technology, and also provides ideas for the design and synthesis of new fluorescent probes.

Experimental and theoretical study on the flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded reinforcement on grooves CFRP laminates

This paper presents a study on the flexural capacity of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams strengthened with Externally Bonded Reinforcement on Grooves (EBROG) Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates. Thirteen single-shear tests and seven RC beams strengthened with CFRP are examined, comparing Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) and EBROG techniques with different groove distributions. The results showed that EBROG improved the bond and flexural performance. Comparison with existing prediction models reveals that while the literature models accurately predict EBR results, they underestimated the bending capacity for EBROG due to calibration based on EBR bond parameters. Consequently, a numerical model is developed to simulate Intermediate Crack Debonding (ICD) for various bond-slip laws, applicable to the different strengthening techniques. The proposed model is validated using experimental flexural tests and calibrated bond-slip laws obtained from single-shear tests, demonstrating accurate prediction of ICD failure for both EBR and EBROG.

Optimization and Accuracy Analysis of a Soil–Planter Model during the Sowing Period of Wheat after a Rice Stubble Based Discrete Element Method

The soil during the sowing period of wheat after rice stubble cannot be accurately described by existing models and parameters with DEM because of its high moisture content and strong viscosity. The purpose of this study is to conduct an overall simulation of high-viscosity paddy soil and to analyze the accuracy of the model. Based on the results of an unconfined compression test and shear test, the range of bond parameters is preliminarily determined by a simulation test. Through the P-BD test and RSM test, the parameters with significant influence are determined to be normal stiffness per unit area (SN), shear stiffness per unit area (SS), and critical shear stress (CS), and an optimized combination of these parameters is obtained. Based on the optimized model, the error range and error generation mechanism of the model are analyzed under different operating parameters. The results show that the optimal parameter combination is SN of 1.07 × 107 N/m3, SS of 0.70 × 107 N/m3, and CS of 0.35 × 105 Pa, corresponding to a compression force of 120.1 N and a shear force of 7.70 N. With an increase in forward speed or seeding quantity or a decrease in rotary plowing speed, the model accuracy tends to increase, and the range of relative errors was found to be from 8.8% to 28.4%. The results can provide a research basis for the study of the motion state of seeds under soil. It can also further enrich parameter data of soil discrete element simulation models and provide a reference for related research studies.